Optimisation of extraction parameters of Swietenia mahogany Jacq. (L.) on cotton fabric towards antibacterial activity

The Box-Behnken design (B.B.D.) experiment was used to optimise the extraction parameters of Swietenia mahogany Jacq. (L) bark, and the chemical constituents responsible for the antibacterial property were examined. Independent variables including time, temperature, and concentration were optimised to produce the maximum yield percentage. The quadratic model was created using the dependent variable as yield percentage (Y%), and three independent variables such as temperature (40 to 70 C-o), extraction duration (1 to 2 h), and concentration (acetone and plant extract ratio) (4 to 10%). The yield of 17 sample runs was coated on cotton fabric to measure the antibacterial activity by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test method. The maximum extract yield (23.25%) was found in the study's results with the independent parameters of temperature (55 degrees C), extraction time (2h), and concentration (4%). Chemical analysis using ATR-FTIR was performed to identify significant chemical bonding groups in the extract at maximum yield conditions. The process parameters were used to create a quadratic regression model, and it was found that all the model's chosen components were significant. The effect of concentration on extraction yield is most significant among the three factors. The antibacterial activity of all 17 extracts coated on cotton fabric revealed mild to strong activity against four test organisms, and Gram-positive strains showed stronger activity than the Gram-negative strains. The higher yield % (23.25) was found in the sample run 10, and the antibacterial result of the sample 10 performed higher ZOI (zone of inhibition) value of 20 mm against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) strains and 18mm and 13 mm against Gram-negative strains (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) respectively. It is now known that Swietenia mahogany Jacq. (L) bark extract is a suitable surface active agent on textile for the production of medical and healthcare textiles.