Non-contrast free-breathing liver perfusion imaging using velocity selective ASL combined with prospective motion compensation

Purpose: To apply velocity selective arterial spin labeling (VSASL) combined with a navigator-based (NAV) prospective motion compensation method for a free-breathing liver perfusion measurement without contrast agent. Methods: Sinc-modulated Velocity Selective Inversion (sinc-VSI) pulses were applied as labeling and control pulses. In order to account for respiratory motion, a navigator was employed in the form of a single gradient-echo projection readout, located at the diaphragm along the inferior-superior direction. Prior to each transverse imaging slice of the spin-echo EPI based readouts, navigator and fat suppression were incorporated. Motion data was obtained from the navigator and transmitted back to the sequence, allowing real-time adjustments to slice positioning. The sinc-VSI without velocity-selective gradients during the control condition but with velocity-selective gradients along all three directions during labeling was chosen for the VSASL. The VSASL was compared with pseudo-continuous ASL (pCASL) methods, which selectively tagged the moving spins using a tagging plane placed at the portal vein and hepatic artery. Results: The motion caused by respiratory activity was effectively computed using the navigator signal. The coefficients of variation (CoV) of average liver voxel in NAV were significantly decreased when compared to breath-hold (BH), with an average reduction of 29.4 +/- 18.44% for control images, and 29.89 +/- 20.83% for label images (p < 0.001). The resulting maps of normalized ASL signal (normalized to M-0) showed significantly higher perfusion weightings in the NAV-compensated VSASL, when compared to the NAV-compensated pCASL techniques. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a navigator-based prospective motion compensation technique in conjunction with VSASL for the measurement of liver perfusion without the use of contrast agents while allowing for free-breathing.