A novel Bethe ansatz scheme for the one-dimensional Hubbard model

We propose a novel characterization of the exact solution of the one-dimensional Hubbard model with unparallel boundary magnetic fields. The non-diagonal boundary terms break the U(1) symmetry of the system and the number of electrons with fixed spin is not conserved. Thus it is difficult to study the physical quantities in the thermodynamic limit based on the previously obtained inhomogeneous T - Q relation and Bethe ansatz equations. In order to solve this problem, we propose the t - W scheme. The basic idea is that the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix can be expressed by its zero-roots instead of the usual Bethe roots. This method allows us to study thermodynamic properties of the system such as the ground state, surface energy, charge and spin excitations. The t - W scheme is universal and can be applied to the systems either with or without U(1) symmetry. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.