Health literacy characteristics of over-the-counter rapid antigen COVID-19 test materials

Background: The United States Food & Drug Administration's emergency authorized use, in December 2020, of over-the-counter (OTC) rapid antigen COVID-19 tests was a pandemic control milestone.Objective: To assess health literacy-related characteristics of OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test materials.Methods: Between September-December 2021, we identified eleven (n = 11) OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 tests available for purchase in the US. We assessed readability (Flesch Reading Ease and Fern acute accent andez-Huerta), formatting and layout features of English-and Spanish-language step-by-step OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test package insert instructions. Video-based step-by-step OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test instructions were eval-uated for understandability and actionability (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials [PEMAT-A/V]), overall quality (Global Quality Scale [GQS]) and cultural diversity and inclusiveness. Descriptive analyses were performed using IBM (R) Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.Results: Nine (81.8%) OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 tests included English-language (& AP;8th-9th reading grade level) step-by-step instructions, while 4 included Spanish-language (& AP;10th-12th reading grade level) in-structions. On average, instructions were printed on a tabloid sized piece of paper, with text size ranging from 4 to 12 point and including nearly 20 illustrations. English-language step-by-step OTC rapid antigen COVID-19 test video-based instructions (n = 6) ranged from 1:04 to 5:41 min with PEMAT-A/V scores ranging from 80% to 100%. As indicated by GQS scores, English-language videos were of high quality (5 videos scored 5/5; 1 video scored 4/5). One COVID-19 test product manufacturing website included Spanish-language video-based in-structions (time = 4:59 min; PEMAT-A/V = 100%; GQS = 5).Conclusions: OTC COVID-19 test step-by-step instructions-both package inserts and video-based-included features shown to foster patient understanding and facilitate proper use. Moving forward, greater attention needs to be placed on expanding both Spanish-language and video-based OTC COVID-19 test material availability to improve accessibility across diverse populations.