[1] Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan
[2] Keio Univ, Univ Chem Lab, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238251, Japan
[3] Tohoku Univ, Inst Mat Res, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan
[4] Cabot Supermetals Co Ltd, Fukushima 9693431, Japan
[5] Univ Manchester, Sch Mat, Ctr Corros & Protect, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England