Clinical endpoints in allergen immunotherapy: State of the art 2022

110 years after the classical study by Noon, numerous studies have confirmed the efficacy of allergen immunotherapy. A variety of clinical endpoints have been used in these trials. This review gives an overview of clinical endpoints for randomized clini-cal trials on allergen immunotherapy (AIT) in rhinitis and asthma. In addition, real-life studies have been carried out with the same kind of endpoints. In general, AIT studies are characterized by a lack of standardized and validated outcome measures. For allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, digital tools have been developed to monitor patients. Such tools are particularly useful to obtain real-world evidence for AIT. Finally, well-accepted out-come measures are available for cost-effec-tiveness studies.