In situ bioprinting: Tailored printing strategies for regenerative medicine

In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has emerged as a revolutionary biological manufacturing technology. Despite significant progress, current bioprinting technologies face critical barriers, such as the need for in vitro maturation of printed tissues before implantation and challenges of prefabricated structures not matching the defect shapes. In situ bioprinting has been introduced to address these challenges by printing customized structures to the wound shape via direct deposition of biological inks at the tissue interface. This paper reviews strategies to optimize printing performance for enhanced tissue repair and analyzes the advantages, challenges, and future directions of in situ bioprinting technologies.