Nasopharyngeal microbiota in children is associated with severe asthma exacerbations

Background: The respiratory microbiome has been associated with the etiology and disease course of asthma. Objective: We sought to assess the nasopharyngeal microbiota in children with a severe asthma exacerbation and their associations with medication, air quality, and viral infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among children aged 2 to 18 years admitted to the medium care unit (MCU; n = 84) or intensive care unit (ICU; n = 78) with an asthma exacerbation. For case -control analyses, we matched all cases aged 2 to 6 years (n = 87) to controls in a 1:2 ratio. Controls were participants of either a prospective case -control study or a longitudinal birth cohort (n = 182). The nasopharyngeal microbiota was characterized by 16S-rRNAgene sequencing. Results: Cases showed higher Shannon diversity index (ICU and MCU combined; P = .002) and a distinct microbial community composition when compared with controls (permutational multivariate ANOVA R-2 = 1.9%; P < .001). We observed significantly higher abundance of Staphylococcus and "oral " taxa, including Neisseria , Veillonella , and Streptococcus spp. and a lower abundance of Dolosigranulum pigrum , Corynebacterium and Moraxella spp. (MaAsLin2; q < 0.25) in cases versus controls. Furthermore, Neisseria abundance was associated with more severe disease (ICU vs MCU MaAslin2, P = .03; q = 0.30). Neisseria spp. abundance was also related with fine particulate matter exposure, whereas Haemophilus and Streptococcus abundances were related with recent inhaled corticosteroid use. We observed no correlations with viral infection. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that children admitted with asthma exacerbations harbor a microbiome characterized by overgrowth of Staphylococcus and "oral"microbes and an underrepresentation of beneficial niche-appropriate commensals. Several of these associations may be explained by (environmental or medical) exposures, although causeconsequence relationships remain unclear and require further investigations.