FACTORS THAT CAN INFLUENCE AND CONTROL THE EMISSIONS OF DIOXINS AND FURANS FROM HAZARDOUS-WASTE INCINERATORS

The European Economic Community (EEC) has proposed strict limits on emissions of dioxins and furans from hazardous waste incinerators. The proposed limit is 0.1 ng/Nm3, expressed as the 2,3,7,8 TCDD toxic equivalent of 17 specific dioxin and furan congeners. These limits will potentially redefine technology selection and design for combustion, energy recovery, and air pollution control. The EPA has a different approach for controlling emissions of products of incomplete combustion (PICs) and reformation products such as dioxins and furans. Rather than limiting these contaminants individually and quantitatively, EPA proposes controlling them by assuring good combustion as measured by stack emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and total hydrocarbons (THC). Dioxins and furans are combustion by-products and emission control relies mainly on control of the combustion process. These compounds can also be reformed from certain precursor compounds and elements in lower temperature regions of the system downstream of the combustion process. Air pollution control technologies have demonstrated the ability to remove dioxins and furans as contaminants on fine particulate. This paper will discuss the two regulatory approaches, the mechanisms for the formation and reformation of dioxins and furans, and the technologies available to control emissions.