THE CONCEPT OF DESPERATION AND FORMATION OF SUBJECTIVITY: PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTION

In the article, there is a vector of the attitude of the Western European culture towards the desperation phenomenon defined as something Other than reason. Such markers of desperation as crime, perversion, and illness formed practices of exclusion of that phenomenon from culture. There is an effort to comprehend contemporaneity as a legitimate acknowledgement of the whole world of tragic without any true name existing beyond the rational language. In the article, there is a consideration of possibilities of formation of subjectivity proceeding from acknowledgement of heterogeneous human nature. If social order is determined by the language of subjectivity and is always formed as a capacity to generate speaking (to speak "coherent judgement"), it is necessary to reconsider the tradition of legitimate subject as a stable and linearly determined by the general social order in the situation of rejection of extreme objectivism of classical rationality and artistic modernism. We've focused on formation of subjectivity in two trends of modern philosophy - psychoanalysis and schizoanalysis, which study the process and heterogeneity of formation of subjectivity. Accordingly, we point out psychoanalytical and schizophrenic practices of subjectivization. The field of human desperation (insanity) corresponds to the unconscious. The distinction of those subjectivity practices is set by an attitude to desperation determining a motif of subjectivization: while Freud legitimates desperation (insanity) through a connection of a speech flow (of desperation) with everyday social reality, Deleuze allows it "to happen". Psychoanalytical subjectivization is formed according to "the scientific principle": Freud found a legitimate area rather limited by social norms, to which one could reduce all immensity of the unconsciousness. The structure of Ego is a centre for such subjectivity and it maintains a constant connection of all the strata of a personality by making a unidirectional line from the source, the unconsciousness, to a conceptually formed consciousness. Schizophrenic subjectivization is formed acoording to the principle of inversion, where the difference between internal and external disappears, and, instead of a strict and vertical structure of a personality, we get "surface effects" - events.