Lessons from the Financial Crisis on Risk and Capital Management: The Case of Insurance Companies

This article proposes that risk management be viewed as an integral part of the corporate value-creation processone in which the concept of economic capital can provide companies with the financial cushion and confidence to carry out their strategic plans. Using the case of insurance and reinsurance companies, the authors discuss three main ways that the integration of risk and capital management creates value: (1) strengthening solvency (by limiting the probability of financial distress); (2) increasing prospects for profitable growth (by preserving access to capital during post-loss periods); and (3) improving transparency (by increasing the "information content" or "signaling power" of reported earnings). Insurers can manage solvency risk by using Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) models to limit the probability of financial distress to levels consistent with the firm's specified risk tolerance. While ERM models are effective in managing "known" risks, we discuss three practices widely used in the insurance industry to manage "unknown" and "unknowable" risks using the logic of real options-slack, mutualization, and incomplete contracts. Second, risk management can create value by securing sources of capital that, like contingent capital, can be used to fund profitable growth opportunities that tend to arise in periods following large losses. Finally, the authors argue that risk management can raise the confidence of investors in their estimates of future growth by removing the "noise" in earnings that comes from bearing noncore risks, thereby making current earnings a more reliable guide to future earnings. In support of this possibility, the authors provide evidence showing that, for a given level of reported return on equity (ROE), (re) insurers with more stable ROEs have higher price-to-book ratios, suggesting investors' willingness to pay a premium for the stability provided by risk management.