PARAMETRIZED POST-NEWTONIAN GRAVITATIONAL REDSHIFT

A derivation of the gravitational redshift effect to order c-4 is presented. The calculation is performed within the framework of the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism for analyzing metric theories of gravity, which includes corrections to second order in the Newtonian potential, gravitomagnetic contributions, and preferred-frame terms. We briefly discuss how to generalize our results to include possible violations of local Lorentz invariance or local position invariance which can arise in non-metric theories. Our results are useful for analyzing possible new redshift experiments which may be sensitive to second-order effects, such as a space mission involving a close solar flyby.