Board composition and bank performance in Kuwait: an empirical study

Purpose - This study aims to examine the relationship between board composition (i.e. non-executive directors, family directors, role duality and board size) and bank performance, using a sample of nine listed Kuwait banks over the 2006 to 2010 period. Design/methodology/approach - The study uses ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage-least squares (2SLS) to test such a relationship and to address endogeneity in explanatory variables. Findings - The results provide some evidence that board composition of banks relates to their performance. According to the OLS regression results, only board size and proportion of non-executive directors negatively affect bank performance. Meanwhile, the 2SLS results indicate that role duality positively affects a bank's performance while board size affects a bank's performance negatively. Research limitations/implications - Although the model has explained a significant part of the variation in performance, still unexplained is a material part that represents the "noise" of the model. Data availability limited the ability to study other aspects of corporate governance mechanisms such as number of audit committee members on board. The sample size is small; thus, in future research, the sample size could be increased by including a longer period of time or different countries such as members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ( Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia). Practical implications - Given the importance of effective boards in monitoring bank values, more actions and rules need to take place in Kuwait to improve the efficacy of boards in protecting shareholders and their interests in Kuwaiti banks. Regulators may mandate a corporate governance code or adopt the OECD corporate governance principles as a starting point in Kuwait. Kuwaiti companies may use the findings to make appropriate choices about board appointments and best governance to improve performance. Investors also may use the findings to understand Kuwaiti companies. Such findings may assist them to diversify their investment portfolios. Originality/value - This study asserts to provide insights on the relationship between bank performance and board composition in Kuwait. The study extends prior research and investigates the roles of board of directors in banks in the context of an emerging market characterized by weak shareholder protection and highly concentrated ownership.