Using some microorganisms as biocontrol agents to manage phytopathogenic fungi: a comprehensive review

Globally, phytopathogenic fungi infections cause crop diseases, resulting in crop yield and quality loss. Extensive use of chemical fungicides leads to resistance and high costs for growers as well as environmental pollution; thus, researchers are exploring a more sustainable approach using biological control tactics. This review highlights the critical processes involved in biological control by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, i.e., the synthesis of various metabolites, enzymes, and signaling molecules, as well as competitive tactics or soil suppressiveness that can effectively control the phytopathogenic fungi. The global increase in registrations for biological products reflects the rising demand and requirement for more organic agriculture and achieving some sustainable development targets. Understanding the complicated interplay between microorganisms in this environment can aid in managing soil diversity and inhibiting phytopathogenic fungi without chemical residues. Therefore, microorganisms are recommended as a sustainable alternative biological control.