Development of a green approach based on DµSPE combined with deep eutectic solvent-based DLLME for the extraction of some pesticides from vegetable samples prior to GC–FID and GC–MS

Vitamin based dispersive micro solid phase extraction procedure combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) was introduced as an efficient and simple method for the extraction and preconcentration of some pesticides from vegetable samples. In this study, the analytes were extracted by vitamin B2 particles and the loaded analytes onto the sorbent were eluted by a water-miscible solvent and then concentrated into a ternary component deep eutectic solvent (tetrabutylammonium chloride: p-aminophenol: linalool DES) by performing DLLME approach. The extracted and concentrated analytes were determined by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to flame ionization detector (FID) and mass spectrometry (MS), independently. Finally, both GC–FID and GC–MS were used to measure the analytes. The effect of several parameters like: the amount of vitamin B2, eluent type, sample solution pH, and salt concentration on the introduced method efficiency was studied. Under the optimized conditions, wide linear ranges (2.6–1000 ng mL−1 by GC–FID and 0.29–100 ng mL−1 by GC–MS) were obtained. The limits of detection obtained by GC–FID and GC–MS were in the ranges of 0.35–0.78 and 0.01–0.09 ng mL−1, respectively. Restive standard deviations were ≤ 6.0% and ≤ 4.6% for GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied successfully for analysis of the selected pesticides in vegetable samples.