Landslide damage along Araniko highway and Pasang Lhamu highway and regional assessment of landslide hazard related to the Gorkha, Nepal earthquake of 25 April 2015

Background: The Gorkha, Nepal Mw 7.8 earthquake of 25 April 2015 triggered a large number of coseismic landslides in a broad area. Two highways, Araniko Highway and Pasang Lhamu Highway, that connect Tibet of China and Nepal, were affected seriously by these landslides. The purpose of this study was to investigate the landslide damage along the two highways, construct a detailed and complete inventory of coseismic landslides in the 5-km buffer area of the Araniko Highway, and perform a regional assessment of landslide hazard in the affected area. Findings: Based on visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite images, field investigations, and GIS technology, we investigated the coseismic landslides along the Araniko Highway and Pasang Lhamu Highway. A detailed point-based inventory of coseismic landslides was constructed and spatial distributions of the landslides were analyzed. Correlations between the landslides and five controlling factors, i.e. elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, lithology, and seismic intensity, were illustrated statistically which permitted to assess landslides hazard in a larger rectangle area. Conclusions: We examined the coseismic landslides of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake that blocked or damaged the Araniko Highway (117.3 km) and Pasang Lhamu Highway (139.3 km) in Nepal. Results show 35 coseismic landslides damaged the Araniko Highway along a total length 1,415 m. The total volume of them was estimated to be 0.37 million m 3 . We delineated 89 coseismic landslides that damaged the Pasang Lhamu Highway, where the total length of the damaged or buried roads is about 2,842 m and the total volume of the 89 landslides is about 1.47 million m 3 . In the 5-km buffer area along the Araniko Highway, we mapped 3,005 landslides caused by the Gorkha earthquake. The landslide number density of the study area is 2.925 km -2 . The places with elevations 2,000-2,500 m have the highest landslide concentration. Landslide number density values increase with the slope angle. The slope aspects E and SE correspond to the highest concentrations of coseismic landslides. The underlying bedrock of Precambrian rocks-1 (Pc1) registered the largest landslide number density. The area of seismic intensity IX has a much higher LND value than that of the intensity VIII. We used the weigh index method to perform landslide hazard assessment in the 5-km buffer area on either side of the highway, which shows a success ratio of 85.9%. This method has been applied to a larger area mainly encompassing Rasuwa and Sindhupalchok counties of Nepal. © 2017, The Author(s).