A coiled-coil motif in non-structural protein 3 (NS3) of bluetongue virus forms an oligomer

Bluetongue, an arthropod-borne non-contagious hemorrhagic disease of small ruminants, is caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). Several structural and non-structural proteins encoded by BTV have been associated with virulence mechanisms. In the present study, the NS3 protein sequences of bluetongue viral serotypes were analyzed for the presence of heptad regions and oligomer formation. Bioinformatic analysis of NS3 sequences of all 26 BTV serotypes revealed the presence of at least three coiled-coil motifs (CCMs). A conserved α-helical heptad sequence was identified at 14–26 aa (CCM-I), 185–198aa (CCM-II), and 94–116 aa (CCM-III). Among these, CCM-I occurs close to the N-terminus of NS3 and was presumed to be involved in oligomerization. Furthermore, the N-terminus of NS3 (1M-R117 aa) was over-expressed as a recombinant fusion protein in a prokaryotic expression system. Biochemical characterization of recombinant NS3Nt protein revealed that it forms SDS-resistant dimers and high-order oligomers (hexamer and/or octamer) under reducing or non-reducing conditions. Coiled-coil motifs are believed to be critical for NS protein oligomerization and have potential roles in the formation of viroporin ring/pore either with six/eight subunits and this is the first study toward characterization of CCMs in NS3 of bluetongue virus.