Study of optical waveguide of barium sodium niobate films on potassium titanyl phosphate

Barium sodium niobate (BSN) optical waveguide films were grown on potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray pole spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the as-grown BSN films are epitaxially smooth, fine-particled and show small constituent deviation. Both m lines of the waveguided TE and TM modes were recorded. Lattice match between the BSN(110) and both the KTP(001) and KTP(100) planes is examined with mismatch less than 3%. Effective refractive indices as a function of incident wavelength and order of the waveguided modes are studied. A phase matching relationship of k(1)−2k(0)=0 is established between the first-order and fundamental modes in the BSN/KTP waveguided system. Effective thicknesses for TE and TM modes were obtained to be equal to 0.76 and 0.72 μm, respectively, larger than the thickness of the as-grown BSN film of 0.60 μm. A constituent ratio of Ba:Na:Nb in the BSN film measured was equal to 2:0.82:5.14, slightly deviating from the stoichiometric ratio of 2:1:5, which is attributed to higher relative asymptotic velocity for Nb species and higher evaporation pressure for Na species. Finally, the main factors affecting quality of the as-grown BSN films are also discussed.