The evolution of the science of Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA

被引:0
|
作者
S. A. Norton
I. J. Fernandez
J. S. Kahl
L. E. Rustad
Tomás Navrátil
H. Almquist
机构
[1] University of Maine,Department of Earth Sciences
[2] University of Maine,Department of Plant, Soil, and Environmental Sciences
[3] University of New Hampshire,undefined
[4] U. S. Forest Service,undefined
[5] Czech Academy of Sciences,undefined
[6] University of Montana,undefined
来源
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment | 2010年 / 171卷
关键词
Bear Brook Watershed in Maine; Acidification; Streams; Soil; Nitrogen; Sulfur ; Phosphorus; Base cations;
D O I
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中图分类号
学科分类号
摘要
The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), USA is a paired watershed study with chemical manipulation of one watershed (West Bear = WB) while the other watershed (East Bear = EB) serves as a reference. Characterization of hydrology and chemical fluxes occurred in 1987–1989 and demonstrated the similarity of the ca. 10 ha adjacent forested watersheds. From 1989–2010, we have added 1,800 eq (NH4)2SO4 ha − 1 y − 1 to WB. EB runoff has slowly acidified even as atmospheric deposition of SO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$_{4}^{2-}$\end{document} has declined. EB acidification included decreasing pH, base cation concentrations, and alkalinity, and increasing inorganic Al concentration, as SO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$_{4}^{2-}$\end{document} declined. Organic Al increased. WB has acidified more rapidly, including a 6-year period of increasing leaching of base cations, followed by a long-term decline of base cations, although still elevated over pretreatment values, as base saturation declined in the soils. Sulfate in WB has not increased to a new steady state because of increased anion adsorption accompanying soil acidification. Dissolved Al has increased dramatically in WB; increased export of particulate Al and P has accompanied the acidification in both watersheds, WB more than EB. Nitrogen retention in EB increased after 3 years of study, as did many watersheds in the northeastern USA. Nitrogen retention in WB still remains at over 80%, in spite of 20+ years of N addition. The 20-year chemical treatment with continuous measurements of critical variables in both watersheds has enabled the identification of decadal-scale processes, including ecosystem response to declining SO\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$_{4}^{-2}$\end{document} in ambient precipitation in EB and evolving mechanisms of treatment response in WB. The study has demonstrated soil mechanisms buffering pH, declines in soil base saturation, altered P biogeochemistry, unexpected mechanisms of storage of S, and continuous high retention of treatment N.
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页码:3 / 21
页数:18
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