RNA in unexpected places: long non-coding RNA functions in diverse cellular contexts

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which constitute a substantial fraction of mammalian transcriptomes, are new, enigmatic players in the complex transcriptional milieu.RNA is a versatile molecule that is well suited for a myriad of functions. This versatility stems from adeptness of RNA at sequence-specific nucleic acid recognition, its ability to fold into intricate three-dimensional structures, as well as its dynamic and malleable nature.lncRNAs directly and indirectly regulate transcription. Specifically, lncRNAs both positively and negatively influence transcription by modulating chromatin, acting as enhancers, regulating transcription factor function and organizing nuclear domains.lncRNAs regulate mRNA processing by modulating pre-mRNA splicing and have the potential to direct mRNA editing. Additionally, lncRNAs modulate other post-transcriptional events such as translation, mRNA stability and miRNA-mediated repression.lncRNAs can act as scaffolds to organize multiprotein complexes and subnuclear domains.With lncRNAs now found in exosomes, lncRNAs have the potential to function as signalling molecules. In addition, lncRNAs can increase genetic diversity by determining the sites of recombination.