Therapy Insight: CNS manifestations of HIV-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome

The development of combination antiretroviral therapy has led to dramatic reductions in HIV-related morbidity and mortality. Paradoxically, however, the rapid restoration of the immune system that ensues from this treatment can lead to a deterioration in the patient's clinical status—a condition known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In this Review, Riedel et al. describe the CNS manifestations of IRIS, and they propose a series of guidelines for establishing a diagnosis and managing the condition.