Long-term spatio-temporal trends in atmospheric aerosols and trace gases over Pakistan using remote sensing

One of today's most important environmental problems is air pollution augmentation. Air pollution is getting worse over time and hurts human health. For the current study, various polar orbiting satellites were utilized to collect data on PM2.5, SO2, AOD, CO, and ozone over Pakistan between January 2005 and December 2021. According to the spatial distribution results, these characteristics have high values throughout central Punjab, western Baluchistan, central Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The seasonal variation in PM2.5, SO2, AOD, CO, and ozone was calculated using monthly data. The greatest value for PM2.5 is 8.7 × 10–8 kg/m3 during the monsoon season, while the highest value for SO2 is 1.4 × 10–5 kg/m2 during the winter. Over Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, KPK, and Gilgit, AOD was between 0.7 and > 1.0, CO was 127.2 ppb, and ozone was 330.7 DU. Furthermore, we create correlation maps of AOD, CO, SO2, PM2.5, and ozone and evaluate their relationship of high and low values across Pakistan. We looked into the 0.99 correlation between AOD and PM2.5, the strongest ever recorded. Despite this, we look at time series graphs to show the rising and falling pattern of these parameters from January 2005 to December 2021. We also used tables to determine the relative change in Multan, Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Gujranwala, and Abbottabad in Pakistan from January 2005 to December 2021.