Representation of aquatic vegetation change by plant macrofossils in a small and shallow freshwater lake

We explored spatial and temporal relationships between contemporary aquatic vegetation and surface sediment macrofossil remains in a small, shallow, English lake (Green Plantation Pond). The aquatic vegetation of Green Plantation Pond underwent a marked compositional change after 2005 with a shift from Elodea spp.-Potamogeton pusillus-Chara spp. to Ceratophyllum spp.-Chara spp.-Potamogeton crispus dominance. By comparing macrophyte and plant macrofossil distributions at multiple, closely spaced points in Green Plantation Pond for 2000 and 2008–2009, we studied the ability of macrofossils to track this major aquatic vegetation change. Representation of macrophytes by macrofossils was high with 63 and 76 % of extant plant species recorded by macro-remains in the 2000 and 2009 sediment surveys respectively. Nevertheless, plants were both over-represented (Nitella flexilis,Chara spp. and Zannichellia palustris) and under-represented (Ranunculus sect. Batrachium, Potamogeton spp.) in the sediment record in terms of relative macrofossil abundances and the number of occupied sample points. The study also revealed a lack of preservation of Elodea spp. leaf remains in the second (2009) survey compared to the first (2000) probably due to a longer time interval (5 vs. 10 months) between macrophyte and sediment sampling. Nevertheless, the macrofossils reliably recorded both the main shift in the contemporary vegetation (e.g. especially increases in Ceratophyllum spp. and P. crispus abundance) and other more subtle floristic changes (e.g. increases in Myriophyllum spicatum and Lemna spp.) exceptionally well. This study highlights the huge potential of macrofossils for tracking sub-decadal changes in the aquatic vegetation of small, shallow lakes.