Association of assisted reproductive technology with twinning and congenital anomalies

Recently many reports have been published on the use of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and the increased risk of congenital major malformations or syndromes. We present three cases with Goldenhar syndrome (one of them a twin pair) and one case with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS), also a twin pair. All four female cases are derived from ICSI. Goldenhar syndrome with ICSI pregnancy has been reported previously but as far as we know, RTS has not been described in association with assisted reproductive technology (ART). The four new cases reported herein will contribute to a better understanding whether ICSI pregnancy increases congenital malformations.