Denudation rates and the degree of chemical weathering in the Ganga River basin from ratios of meteoric cosmogenic 10Be to stable 9Be

The ratio of the meteoric cosmogenic nuclide Be-10, precipitated from the atmosphere, to the stable nuclide Be-9, released by silicate weathering, was measured in suspended sediment of the Ganga River basin to determine denudation rates, degrees of weathering, and sediment storage in the floodplain. The 10Be precipitated and the 9Be released are carried to ca. 90% by amorphous and to 10% by crystalline Fe-hydroxides, as revealed by chemical extractions, whereas the dissolved Be transport is negligible due to the river pH of 8. Resulting Be-10/Be-9 ratios increase from 0.75 x 10(-9) for the northern and Himalaya draining rivers to 1.7 x 10-9 in the downstream basin. The increase in Be-10/Be-9 ratios results from two compounding effects: with 1) average denudation rates decrease from 0.5 mm yr(-1) in the Himalayas to 0.17 mm yr(-1) for the Ganga main stem in the lowlands, 2) the southern tributaries draining the low-relief craton contribute sediment with a ratio of 2.0 x 10(-9), corresponding to a denudation rate of 0.03 mm yr(-1). We find that at the spatial scale of the entire basin, the atmospheric delivery flux of Be-10 equals its sedimentary export flux. Hence fluxes can be considered to be at steady state and radioactive decay of Be-10 during sediment storage is not discernible. The lack of a resolvable increase in Be-10 concentration during sediment transfer along the floodplain stretch furthermore suggests that the sediment transfer time is indeed short. We also cannot resolve any additional release of silicate bound Be-9 there, testifying to the lower degree of weathering there. When multiplied with the basin area the Be-10/Be-9-derived denudation rate of 0.14 mm yr(-1) corresponds to a sediment flux of 350 Mt yr(-1) which is in good agreement with gauging-derived sediment fluxes (ca. 400 Mt yr(-1)). Because they integrate over the entire basin, denudation rates from Be-10/Be-9 are lower than floodplain-corrected denudation rates from in situ cosmogenic Be-10 that reflect the rates of the sediment -producing mountain areas. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.