Implant Angulation Effect on the Fracture Resistance of Monolithic Zirconia Custom Abutments: An In Vitro Study

Purpose To investigate the fracture resistance and performance of zirconia when employed for the fabrication of implant abutments with different angulations, simulating anterior maxillary oral rehabilitation. Materials and Methods Forty-five monolithic zirconia custom abutments of internal conical implant connection were CAD/CAM designed and fabricated. The specimens were divided into three groups (n = 15/group) according to implant-to-abutment angulation. The angulations used were; 0 degrees, 15 degrees, and 25 degrees. The abutments were loaded until failure at 135 degrees using the Universal Testing Machine (Instron, Canton, MA). Collected data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Results Mean (+/- standard deviation) load at fracture of the zirconia abutments for the three groups were 962.37 +/- 93.81 N (Gr15) > 718.25 +/- 93.71 N (Gr25) > 534.05 +/- 133.77 N (Gr0). Statistically significant difference (p < 0.0001) was found between all groups; Gr0 vs. Gr15, Gr0 vs. Gr25, Gr15 vs. Gr25. Conclusions Contrary to expectations, the non-angulated monolithic zirconia abutments presented the lowest fracture resistance values. Angulating the abutments 15 or 25 degrees, following the palatal resorption pattern of the premaxilla, significantly increased the in vitro fracture resistance.