Security challenges for routing protocols in mobile ad hoc network: a systematic review and open research issues

Various targeted attacks are focused on MANET exploiting these vulnerabilities and disrupting their operations. Therefore, network optimisation can be accomplished through the maximal use of resources available and deploying proper security measures. In this study, various MANET protocols namely geographical, topology-based, hybrid, hierarchical, power-aware and multicast routing protocols, were investigated based on performance parameters (routing overhead, caching overhead, and packet delivery ratio) along with the security challenges they face. In addition to this, comparative analysis among various routing protocols and their performances were evaluated. Several topological issues namely high power consumption, low bandwidth, and high error rate, were taken into account.