Seasonal climate summary for the southern hemisphere (winter 2016): a strong negative Indian Ocean Dipole brings wet conditions to Australia

This is a summary of the southern hemisphere atmospheric circulation patterns and meteorological indices for winter 2016; an account of seasonal rainfall and temperature for the Australian region and the broader southern hemisphere is also provided. One of the strongest negative phases on record of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) developed during the season, contributing to Australia's second-wettest winter on record, with rainfall above average over the vast majority of the continent. Neutral conditions prevailed in the tropical Pacific following the end of a strong El Nino event in autumn 2016, but the continuing effect of the 2015-16 El Nino was still evident in southern hemisphere temperatures, which were at or near record high levels.