Capital structure choice when managers are in control: Entrenchment versus efficiency

In the free-cash-flow theory, shareholders use debt to discipline managers and maximize firm value. In contrast, managerial models assume that, without a takeover threat, managers will not lever up to constrain themselves. This article demonstrates that a takeover threat is unlikely to reconcile these two theories. In particular, with low takeover costs, target managers may overlever. Yet, both theories are consistent with recent papers that document a negative correlation between leverage and takeover costs. I propose a test of the two theories by showing that, in the value-maximizing approach, antitakeover amendments reduce the sensitivity of leverage to entrenchment-related variables.