The broadly distributed serpulid worm Hydroides elegans has become a model organism for studies of marine biofouling, development and the processes of larval settlement and metamorphosis induced by surface microbial films. Contrasting descriptions of the initial events of these recruitment processes, whether settlement is induced by (1) natural multi-species biofilms, (2) biofilms composed of single bacterial species known to induce settlement, or (3) a bacterial extract stimulated the research described here. We found that settlement induced by natural biofilms or biofilms formed by the bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea is invariably initiated by attachment and secretion of an adherent and larva-enveloping primary tube, followed by loss of motile cilia and ciliated cells and morphogenesis. The bacterial extract containing complex tailocin arrays derived from an assemblage of phage genes incorporated into the bacterial genome appears to induce settlement events by destruction of larval cilia and ciliated cells, followed by attachment and primary-tube formation. Similar destruction occurred when precompetent larvae of H. elegans or larvae of a nudibranch gastropod were exposed to the extract, although neither of them metamorphosed. We argue that larvae that lose their cilia before attachment would be swept away from the sites that stimulated settlement by the turbulent flow characteristic of most marine habitats.
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Lau, SCK
Qian, PY
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Ocean Univ China, Key Lab Mariculture, Minist Educ, Qingdao 266003, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Bao, Wei-Yang
Lee, On-On
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Lee, On-On
Chung, Hong-Chun
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Chung, Hong-Chun
Li, Mu
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China
Li, Mu
Qian, Pei-Yuan
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Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R ChinaHong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, KAUST Global Partnership Program, Dept Biol, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China