A series of methods are outlined for attaching functional polymers to proteins. Polymers with good control over structure, functionality, and composition can be created using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. These polymers can be covalently linked to enzymes and proteins using either the "grafting-to" approach, where a preformed polymer is attached to the protein surface, or the "grafting-from" approach, where the polymer is grown from the protein surface. Methods for grafting-to, or attaching the RAFT chain transfer agent to the protein surface outlined include the commonly used carbodiimide/activated ester (EDC/NHS) coupling. Methods are also outlined to graft-from the surface of the protein using RAFT polymerization. Additionally, it is possible to site specifically introduce a reactive azide group to the protein surface using enzymatic ligation as a posttranslational modification. This reactive azide group can be conjugated to an alkyne-containing polymer using highly efficient click chemistry. These robust protocols can produce protein-polymer conjugates with various architectures and functionalities. Methods are also outlined for characterization of the resulting bioconjugates.
