The advantages of mass normalized electrochemical impedance spectra for the determination of the kinetic parameters of LiMn2O4 cathodes

The electrochemical properties of LiMn2O4 (LMO) based cathode material with conducting polymer binder containing poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) dispersion and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were investigated for electrodes of three different thicknesses. The effect of the thickness of LMO cathode layer on the kinetic parameters of electrode processes (R-ct, D-app, i(0)) derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has been experimentally analyzed. A simple approach for estimating the possible influence of various real surface areas of electrodes with different active masses by plotting the dependencies normalized to the mass of the active component was proposed. This approach assumes that the real active surface area is defined as the total surface of all particles of the active component, and their mass is proportional to the area given that size of active grains is subject to random statistical distribution. It leads to determination of more reliable values of kinetic parameters and gives the base for more reasonable comparison of results of different works, as was illustrated in the example of LMO. It has been shown that the large difference in the values of charge transfer resistance Rct and apparent diffusion coefficients D-app for electrodes with various thicknesses becomes insignificant after EIS data normalization to mass loading. While the values obtained from as-recorded non-normalized EIS data referred to the visible area of electrode differ considerably, the normalization of EIS spectra to LMO mass and calculation referred to the real surface area estimated from Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) yields closer values. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.