Building for a Zero Carbon future: trade-off between carbon dioxide emissions and primary energy approaches

Growing urbanization is driving urban policy makers to adopt sustainable practices aimed to limit the environmental impact of buildings which are responsible for an estimated 36% of climate-changing gas emissions in European cities. In order to meet the ambitious emission reduction targets set by the EU it is essential to develop policy for CO2 emissions saving. This work investigates the regulations of European countries that introduce carbon compliance requirement as implementation of the EPBD such as UK, Ireland, Austria and some Eastern European countries. With reference to the typical consumption pattern of an Italian home, the paper analyses the current limits of primary energy, RES requirements and CO2 emissions, investigating the relations between EPnren and carbon dioxide emissions levels. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.