Diabetic complications have been reduced significantly with the introduction of insulin more than 8 decades prior. Despite the proven benefits of normal glycemic levels, patients are deterred by the inconvenience and expect worse pain than there is on average with multiple daily insulin injections. Inhaled insulin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in early 2006 and is a novel product that introduces inhaled insulin as an alternate to the traditional subcutaneous delivery system, and hence could potentially improve patient compliance. The objective of this article is to review the clinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of inhaled insulin.
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Jin, Xi
Zeng, Li
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Zeng, Li
Zhang, Shuang
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Zhang, Shuang
He, Sirong
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
He, Sirong
Ren, Yan
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Dept Endocrine, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Ren, Yan
Chen, Younan
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Chen, Younan
Wei, Lingling
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Wei, Lingling
Wang, Li
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Natl Ctr Safety Evaluat Tradit Chinese Med, Chengdu, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Wang, Li
Li, Hongxia
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Natl Ctr Safety Evaluat Tradit Chinese Med, Chengdu, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Li, Hongxia
Cheng, Jingqiu
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
Cheng, Jingqiu
Lu, Yanrong
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Sichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R ChinaSichuan Univ, W China Hosp, Key Lab Transplant Engn & Immunol, Minist Hlth,Regenerat Med Res Ctr, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China
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Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USATufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USA
Ceglia, Lisa
Lau, Joseph
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Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USATufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USA
Lau, Joseph
Pittas, Anastassios G.
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Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USATufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Diabet & Metab, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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Cardiff Univ, Llandough Hosp, Diabet Res Unit, Cardiff CF64 2XX, S Glam, WalesCardiff Univ, Llandough Hosp, Diabet Res Unit, Cardiff CF64 2XX, S Glam, Wales
Owens, DR
Grimley, J
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机构:Cardiff Univ, Llandough Hosp, Diabet Res Unit, Cardiff CF64 2XX, S Glam, Wales
Grimley, J
Kirkpatrick, P
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机构:Cardiff Univ, Llandough Hosp, Diabet Res Unit, Cardiff CF64 2XX, S Glam, Wales