The antimicrobial activity of bovine milk xanthine oxidase

Mammalian milk is a source of antimicrobial compounds such as xanthine oxidase (XO). The interplay of infant saliva, which contains the substrates for XO activity, and human milk containing XO has been recently shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Based on the complex and protective mechanism observed in human milk, we hypothesized that bovine milk XO operates similarly, thus representing an opportunity to investigate its functionality in broader health implications. We demonstrated that bovine milk-hypoxanthine mixture (0-400 mu M) inhibited several Gram-negative and -positive bacterial pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic experiments revealed that XO catalyzed hypoxanthine reduction (K-m, 58.0 mu m; V-max, 5.1 mu mol(-1) min(-1) mg) resulted in the production of antimicrobial hydrogen peroxide. These results demonstrate that the antimicrobial properties of bovine milk XO are similar to those of human milk XO with significant implications for the development of novel products targeting infant health. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.