Integrating collection-and-delivery points in the strategic design of urban last-mile e-commerce distribution networks

The use of collection-and-delivery points (CDPs) within multi-echelon distribution networks is becoming an increasingly popular last-mile distribution strategy. In this work, we provide a method to integrate CDPs in the design of multi-echelon distribution networks. We formulate a non-linear optimization model that includes CDP location decisions and accounts for changes in demand patters occurring with their placement. To enable its application to large-scale problem instances, we formulate extended routing cost approximation formulae. We then propose a heuristic solution method and apply the model and solution approach to a real-world case study of last-mile distribution by a major Brazilian e-commerce player.