Impact of urinary iodine concentration on blood glucose levels and blood pressure: a nationwide population-based study

Purpose Iodine is a vital trace element for systemic metabolic control as well as thyroid hormone synthesis. Though iodine has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, reports on its effects on metabolic disorders are limited and inconsistent. Methods Impact of urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and blood pressure (BP) in the general Korean population was evaluated adjusting for covariates including thyrotropin level and presence of thyroid diseases. Results The median UIC was 302.3 mu g/L in all participants and was significantly lower in those with dysglycemia (303.6 mu g/L in normal participants, 285.1 mu g/L in participants with FBG levels of 100-125 mg/dL, and 261.8 mu g/L in participants with FBG levels >= 126 mg/dL; p = 0.002). Similarly, the UIC was lower in participants with higher BP (311.6 mu g/L in normal participants, 288.7 mu g/L in prehypertensive participants, and 265.8 mu g/L in hypertensive participants; p < 0.001). The multiple linear regression model showed a negative correlation between the UIC and FBG levels (p = 0.002), and the UIC and systolic BP (p < 0.001). One standard deviation increase in the UIC showed odds ratios of 0.84 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.73-0.98) for elevated FBG levels (>= 100 mg/dL) and 0.94 (95% CI = 0.88-0.99) for elevated SBP (>= 120 mm Hg) after full adjustment. Conclusion Higher UICs were associated with lower FBG and BP levels, independent of thyroid function and other confounding factors in Korea, an iodine-replete country.