Maternalism redefined - Gender, the state, and the politics of day care, 1945-1962

At the end of World War II, Congress terminated the only national day care policy ever enacted to that point in the United Stares. It was nearly 20 years later with the 1962 Public Welfare Amendments, that the American state launched the next national experiment in day care This policy was constructed not in response to the needs of working women but rather to address rising concerns over the Aid to Dependent Children (ADC) program. In this article, the author examines archival data from the U.S. Women's Bureau, the U.S. Children's Bureau, and other agencies to explain the transformation of day care from an employment policy to an adjunct of ADC. She argues that maternalists within the state were able to redefine the content of maternalist ideology to occupy the discursive space produced by the emergent political crisis in the ADC program. This new maternalism provided the grounds for a new national commitment to day care provision but also created the institutional structures of its marginalization.