Occurrence and orientation of anorbital ripples in near-shore sands

The orientation of linear transition ripples (LTRs) relative to incident wave direction is studied using rotary fan beam sonar images and wave and current data from electromagnetic flowmeters in similar to 3 m water during SandyDuck97. LTR occurrence is determined objectively with an automatic recognition algorithm. LTRs occurred for RMS wave orbital velocities between 0.15 and 0.35 m s(-1). The ripples were highly two dimensional, and of the anorbital type (lambda(0)/D-50 = 524 to 535, d(0)/D-50 = 4300 to 25,000) with 7.6 cm mean wavelength in 150 mu m median diameter sand. The ripple crests were typically aligned perpendicular to the incident sea-and-swell direction: specifically, about 60% of the normals to the crests differ from wave direction by less than 5 degrees and more than 90% by less than 10 degrees. During rapid changes in wave direction, however, ripple orientation adjustment lagged the wave direction by O(1 h). Ripple reorientation occurred piecewise along the crests, with new crest segments sometimes bridging two or more old segments. The 1 h reorientation time scale is longer by several orders of magnitude than the adjustment time based on theoretical bed load transport rate and the ripple volume. As a possible explanation, we suggest that a significant fraction of the transport, more than 90%, bypasses the ripples during orientation adjustment through large angles.