Probabilistic health risk assessment of toxic metals in chickens from the largest production areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Chicken is one of the major protein sources and more affordable for the population of Bangladesh. Its quality monitoring is of high priority for food safety and public health risk assessment. This study determined metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Ni, Cr, Sr, Hg, and Pb) in chickens from different farms of a high production area of Dhaka, Bangladesh, using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to calculate the health risk through chickens consumption. In most cases, the toxic metals (As, Ni, Cr, Hg, and Pb) showed very high concentrations in different parts of chickens, especially livers that contained several times higher concentrations than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). Analytical results showed some feed and water contain high concentrations of As and Cr that might be bioaccumulated in chicken. The estimated daily intake (EDI) for all metals was below the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) values except As and Fe in few farms. Target hazard quotients (THQs) for most metals were less than 1 but THQs of As and Cr of few farms were higher than 1, indicating that the consumer would possess As- and Cr-based health hazards. Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) of 42% for composite and 36% for body parts samples were > 1, suggesting potential health risk. The probabilistic risk and individual samples cancer risk (TR) were exceeded the acceptable level (10(-4)) for As and 75% of composite and 58% of body parts of chicken showed acceptable limit (10(-6) to 10(-4)) for Pb, indicating that the peoples might be exposed to lifetime cancer risk in the long run.