TGFβ signaling networks in ovarian cancer progression and plasticity

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women. Late-stage diagnosis with significant tumor burden, accompanied by recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, contributes to this poor prognosis. These morbidities are known to be tied to events associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer. During EMT, localized tumor cells alter their polarity, cell-cell junctions, cell-matrix interactions, acquire motility and invasiveness and an exaggerated potential for metastatic spread. Key triggers for EMT include the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF beta) family of growth factors which are actively produced by a wide array of cell types within a specific tumor and metastatic environment. Although TGF beta can act as either a tumor suppressor or promoter in cancer, TGF beta exhibits its pro-tumorigenic functions at least in part via EMT. TGF beta regulates EMT both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels as outlined here. Despite recent advances in TGF beta based therapeutics, limited progress has been seen for ovarian cancers that are in much need of new therapeutic strategies. Here, we summarize and discuss several recent insights into the underlying signaling mechanisms of the TGF beta isoforms in EMT in the unique metastatic environment of EOCs and the current therapeutic interventions that may be relevant.