Peer-to-peer visualization of very large 3D landscape and city models using MPEG-4

The recent availability of broadband Internet access and web-based visualization techniques is paving the way for a large scale use of 3D landscape and city models in a great variety of professional and mass market services. To make such services appealing to a large audience, these 3D models must reach a sufficient level of realism and accuracy. Many solutions are now available to automatically generate 3D models of huge urban environments. Geographic information system (GIS) databases (i.e., terrain elevation grids, orthophotographs, buildings, footprint and height) provide a good basis for generating such models at affordable cost with minimum human intervention. the growing size of the generated representations will favor streaming over However, download-and-play. Moreover, the new market for virtual worlds is likely to be soon demanding interoperability. The goal of this paper is to show how solutions based on hierarchical level of detail (LOD) models and view-dependent progressive streaming can efficiently be implemented using the MPEG-4 AFX standard in peer-to-peer network architectures, solving both streaming and interoperability issues. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.