A model and investigation of managerial skills, employees' attitudes, and managerial performance

A model of effective management is developed based on criticism of prior two-factor models. We identify six specific skills and explore their theoretical contributions. Both self- and others' evaluations of the skills are incorporated, The model is tested using both employees' attitudes and performance as measures of managerial effectiveness. Results of the analysis indicate that others' evaluations of skills are better indicators of employees' attitudes than self-evaluations. In addition, the results support that a complex set of relationships exists among self- and others' evaluations, employee attitudes, and managerial performance. Explanations for these complex relationships are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.