Numerical simulation of solidification .4. Undercooling effects

In this final part of the overview on the numerical techniques for the simulation of solidification processes developed during the last three decades, the effects of undercooling (undercooling of the dendrite tip and the eutectic reaction) and their influence on the prediction of microstructures and microsegregation in metallic alloys are discussed. The kinetic effects, which affect the phase equilibria at high and very high cooling rates, are described. The various models are critically assessed with respect to their utilization in simulation programs, and open questions are defined.