What is measured by verbal fluency tests in schizophrenia?

Introduction: Schizophrenia patients perform below the norm on verbal fluency tests. The causes for this are unknown, but defective memory, executive functioning and psychomotor speed may play a role. Method: We examined 50 patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, and 25 healthy controls with a cognitive test battery containing tests for verbal memory, executive functioning and psychomotor speed, and a categorical fluency test. Results: Patients obtained significantly lower test results than the controls on most cognitive measures including the verbal fluency test. During the fluency test, they formed as many clusters, and switched as often between clusters as the controls did, but they generated fewer words per cluster. Interestingly, in the control group, fluency performance was predicted by memory and executive functioning, but not by psychomotor speed. In patients, verbal fluency was predicted by psychomotor speed, but not by memory or executive functioning. Discussion: We conclude that psychomotor speed could be a crucial factor in cognition, and its influence on cognitive test performance should be considered in schizophrenia research. Furthermore, these data illustrate the importance of qualitative analysis of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia patients, as traditional cognitive tests often only provide quantitative information. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.