THE ECONOMICS OF DENSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE BERLIN WALL

被引:322
作者
Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M. [1 ,2 ]
Redding, Stephen J. [2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ]
Sturm, Daniel M. [2 ,6 ]
Wolf, Nikolaus [2 ,7 ]
机构
[1] London Sch Econ, Dept Geog & Environm, Houghton St, London WC2A 2AE, England
[2] CEPR, London, England
[3] Princeton Univ, WWS, Fisher Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
[4] Princeton Univ, Dept Econ, Fisher Hall, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
[5] NBER, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[6] London Sch Econ, Dept Econ, Houghton St, London WC2A 2AE, England
[7] Humboldt Univ, Dept Econ, Spandauer Str 1, D-10178 Berlin, Germany
基金
欧洲研究理事会; 芬兰科学院;
关键词
Agglomeration; cities; commuting; density; gravity; MULTIPLE EQUILIBRIA; CITIES; PRODUCTIVITY; TRADE; AGGLOMERATION; SPILLOVERS; EXTERNALITIES; DEPENDENCE; GEOGRAPHY; INCOME;
D O I
10.3982/ECTA10876
中图分类号
F [经济];
学科分类号
02 ;
摘要
This paper develops a quantitative model of internal city structure that features agglomeration and dispersion forces and an arbitrary number of heterogeneous city blocks. The model remains tractable and amenable to empirical analysis because of stochastic shocks to commuting decisions, which yield a gravity equation for commuting flows. To structurally estimate agglomeration and dispersion forces, we use data on thousands of city blocks in Berlin for 1936, 1986, and 2006 and exogenous variation from the city's division and reunification. We estimate substantial and highly localized production and residential externalities. We show that the model with the estimated agglomeration parameters can account both qualitatively and quantitatively for the observed changes in city structure. We show how our quantitative framework can be used to undertake counterfactuals for changes in the organization of economic activity within cities in response, for example, to changes in the transport network.
引用
收藏
页码:2127 / 2189
页数:63
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