Sedimentology and Paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation sag ponds adjacent to syndepositional normal faults, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah

During the development of the East Kaibab monocline, listric normal faulting related to outer arc influenced the sedimentation style of the Upper Cretaceous Wahweap Formation. The initiation of the Laramide Orogeny was therefore recorded in the sedimentary record of south-central Utah. Evidence for this includes the preservation of sag ponds adjacent to two of the normal faults in our study area, which developed when fault movement created topographic features. Ancient sag-pond deposits are likely under-identified in the rock record. This study demonstrates their significance and potential for unraveling fault histories. The northern, younger, sag-pond deposit is located at the boundary between the upper and capping sandstone members of the Wahweap Formation, and consists of sandstone dikes and sills hosted in gray mudstones and siltstones with no discernable invertebrate fauna, but some small macerated flora. The second southern sag-pond fill, is located at the base of the upper member. The sag pond is older, larger in area, and contains a thicker deposit. In contrast to the northern sag-pond deposit siltstones and mudstones are gray and visiblity structureless. Within the southern sag pond there are a series of fossil horizons consisting mainly of juvenile unionid bivalves, a lesser number of gastropods, and macerated plants. Comparison of the two preserved Upper Cretaceous sag-pond deposits suggests two distinct responses to fault movement, perhaps governed by fault kinematics, manifested in sedimentation style and type; the impact of faunal invertebrate invasion; and post-sedimentation deformation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.