Mitigating risks in cross-border acquisitions

Compared to domestic acquisitions, cross-border acquisitions present greater challenges for buyers. This article analyzes the use of contingent payments, joint ventures, and toehold investments as potential mechanisms for reducing uncertainty in cross-border acquisitions. Toehold investments and earnout payments are associated with larger gains to buyers in domestic acquisitions, but not in cross-border acquisitions. The results indicate that joint ventures can be an effective mechanism to ameliorate the uncertainty associated with cross-border acquisitions in the presence of severe valuation uncertainties and country investment risks. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.