Catalogue of real-time instrumentation and monitoring techniques for tailings dams

With ongoing catastrophic mine tailings dam failures, the hindsight revelation of poor safety records, and an increasing prevalence of public scrutiny and attention of mining operations, there is an immediate call for enhanced safety of tailings dams. Today, challenges arise in identifying and utilising the ability of monitoring systems to understand the complex performance and behaviours of these dams, reflecting on the system's ability to predict deterioration before failure occurs. New literature, mining regulators, insurance firms, and mining practitioners are calling for increased diligence in the form of real-time monitoring: but what can the industry offer in response? This research establishes a centralisation of real-time monitoring instruments suitable for tailings dams, discussing the specifications, advantages, and disadvantages of each. An understanding of traditional instrumentation, online monitoring systems, and the value of centralised monitoring was detailed. Collaboration with suppliers discovered innovative systems which enable monitoring of different failure modes and mechanisms.