Biofumigation and enhanced biodegradation: Opportunity and challenge in soilborne pest and disease management

Management of soilborne pests and diseases in cropping systems is often highly challenging - in implementation of acceptable methodologies and in dealing with secondary problems. The phase-out of methyl bromide brings this into particularly sharp focus. There is a need for diversified options and alternatives to fill different roles across the soilborne pest and disease management spectrum, but flexibility is limited, as practicalities demand that they fit into a prophylactic methodology. It is against such a backdrop that expectations and promotion of alternatives must be set. There is also a need to recognize potentially serious problems that may have been masked under historical management regimes, but for which the nature of the system offers little scope to avoid or manage. Biofumigation is the beneficial use of Brassica green manures that release isothiocyanates chemically similar to methyl isothiocyanate, the active agent from the synthetic fumigant metam sodium, which is used as a substitute for methyl bromide in some systems. A systematic approach to research into biofumigation, specifically aimed at overcoming a long history of empiricism, has seen significant recent advances in both basic and applied knowledge. A key development has been achievement of maximal biofumigation potential through greatly enhanced release of appropriate isothiocyanates into soil. These advances have led to commercial adoption, demonstrating that biofumigation, when applied to appropriate production systems, can have efficacy and offer cost savings. Crucially, these systematically derived research and development findings and their adoption now provide the impetus for self-sustaining further development and market penetration of the concept. Despite this success, biofumigation is not seen as being sufficiently powerful or practical in implementation to be an alternative to methyl bromide on a broad scale and misdirection in that regard could be counterproductive to more appropriately targeted further development. Enhanced microbial biodegradation is a cryptic phenomenon that can diminish the efficacy of soil-applied pesticides, including isothiocyanates and most other currently available methyl bromide substitutes. Because methyl bromide is not susceptible, the phenomenon has potentially serious implications in intensive production systems switching from methyl bromide to reliance on other compounds that are. It is an intractable problem once induced. Avoidance of its onset is the only feasible management strategy. This has been aided for some particularly vulnerable environments by recent clarification of key risk factors associated with soil type, soil pH, and calcium content.